The Civil Scholar

Architecture Meaning: The art and science of planning, designing, constructing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures. Factors influencing Architectural Development: - Geography - Religion - Style - Culture - Technology - Imagination - Cost Ratio. Elements to identify architectural styles: - Roof style - Chimney style - Form of structure - regional character - method of construction - Exterior building materials Characteristics Features of Style: An architectural style is defined as a set of structural design that makes one building structure different from others. ✪  Victorian Style - Painted iron railings. - Two to three stories. - Churchlike rooftop finials. - Steeply pitched roofs. - Plain or colorfully painted brick. - Sliding sash and  bay windows. - Decorated triangular sloping over door and window. Example :  ☞︎︎︎ The Palace of Westminster (1870), ☞︎︎︎ The Brooklyn Bridge (1883), ☞︎︎︎ The Carson Mansion in Eureka (1884). ✪  Islamic Style - Interior ...

The formation of a stream valley is a long process. Each stage occurs in different locations and features specific characteristics. The aging process of a stream valley has three stages, including youth, maturity, and old age. YOUTH STAGE A stream is said to be youth stage when it cuts its valley downwards to establish a graded condition with its base level. a. Position: commonly found in mountains from where a stream starts its journey. b. Erosion:  down cutting is dominant. c. Valley Shape: narrow and V- shaped. d. Longitudinal Profile: the gradient is steep (ungraded). Waterfalls and rapids are common. e. Valley Floor:  the stream occupies most of the width of valley floor as result there is little or no floodplain. f. Stream Pattern: is angular and without meanders, tributaries are short and few. MATURE STAGE A stream is set to be in mature stage when downwards erosion diminishes and lateral erosion dominates. a.   Position:  commonly found in the pl...

Source by-  Bureau of Indian Standards Designator of Document:  IS 962 Title of Document:  Code of practice for architectural and building drawings Section Name:  Planning, Housing and pre-fabricated construction DIMENSIONING: a. Projection lines shall generally be of short distance, perpendicular to its dimension line and drawn as thin continuous lines. b. Intersecting projection lines and dimen- sion lines shall be avoided wherever possible.  c. Dimension lines shall generally be unbroken except, in certain cases, for the insertion of a size.  d. Outline shall never be used as a dimension line, but may be used as a projection line. e.  Single dimensions, chain dimensions and parallel dimensions:  Termination of dimension line shall be represented by oblique line, 45° anticlockwise from dimension line. Dimension shall be placed in between and above the dimension line. f.  Superimposed running dimensions: During  superimposed r...

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEM A passive heating system is a way for the building material to collect, store and distribute solar energy without mechanical or electrical energy, which is least expensive means of heating. It happens when the object striking with solar radiations absorbs the heat. It works effectively by windows oriented correctly and by installing high performance windows. Source credit -  Passive Solar Design Parts of passive heating system 🅐︎. Aperture : It is the collector through which solar radiation enters the building. 🅑︎. Absorber : It is the dark, hard surface which absorbs the solar radiation after it passes through the aperture. It could be floor, masonry wall etc. 🅒︎. Thermal Mass : It is not the exposed surface to sunlight like absorber and it stores heat produced by sunlight. 🅓︎. Distribution : The circulation of solar heating can be in purely passive system but in some applications fans, ducts, blowers helps in distribution process. 🅔︎. Control : This pr...

Note : The list given below of Architectural Composition is one possible list, you will find that every book has slightly different list of Principles. Variety through Contrast The difference in visual properties of an object that makes it distinguishable from other objects and background. It occurs when two elements (such as colour, tone, emotion) are different in composition. Unity through Repetition Unity is when an element is used repeatedly and all the main design principles are combined to give visually pleasing design that makes sense to the observer. Balance Balence refers to the appropriate arrangement of components in a design in relation to the visual central axis. It is characterized into four types: Ⓐ︎.  Symmetrical   Balance Ⓑ︎. Asymmetrical   Balance Ⓒ︎.  Radial   Balance Ⓓ︎. Visual Balance Emphasis Emphasis refers to a focal point that draws attention in an area or object within the artwork. It is also ter...

What are the softwares that a Civil Engineer must know ? Source :- civilforum Software improves productivity and make huge project easy with minimum resource and time. Since there are many softwares used in construction industry but the usage depends on the profile you are working. Best softwares which are in high demand in market are given below. 🅐︎. For drafting AutoCAD  (Autodesk) :- Autocad stands for automatically computer aided designing and drafting. It allows you to draw and edit digital 2D and 3D designs more quickly and easily than you could by hand. 🅑︎. For 3d modelling and architecture 3ds Max (Autodesk) Revit (Autodesk) SketchUp (Google) Maya (Autodesk) 🅒︎. For structural design and analysis Staad pro (Bentley) ETABS (CSI) Sap 2000 (CSI) 🅓︎. For project management Ms Project (Microsoft) Primavera (Oracle) 🅔︎. For Transportation Mx road Visum (PTV) 🅕︎. For mathematical calculations and analy...

Source by-  Bureau of Indian Standards Designator of Document:  IS 962 Title of Document:  Code of practice for architectural and building drawings Section Name:  Planning, Housing and pre-fabricated construction Conventional Signs and Symbols: Conventional signs are provided to brick masonry, stone masonry, concrete etc, when the material is cut in section by an imaginary plane. Conventional symbols are provided  to  indicate position of rooms, windows, doors, electrical installations, sanitary installations, fitments etc. Purposes of Conventional Sign & Symbols: Its purpose is to prevent any dispute between the owner and contractor in the actual construction of structure and to avoid confusion in drawing as well as save time in making various details in drawing.    for explaination of first part click the link given below Explanation P...

Source by- Bureau of Indian Standards Designator of Document:  IS 962 Title of Document:  Code of practice for architectural and building drawings Section Name:  Planning, Housing and pre-fabricated construction Sizes of Drawings The original drawing should be made on the smallest sheet allowing the necessary clearity. Drawing sheets may be used with their longer sides positioned either horizontally or vertically. The original drawing reproductions shall be made from preferred sizes given below. The sizes of larger sheets are obtained by extending the shorter sides of a format of the A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter side of the chosen basic format. a. First Choise Series b. Second Choise Series (special case) c. Third Choise Series (exceptional case) Reproduction of Drawings Original drawings are kept carefully and copies are used in workshops or on sites. Types of copies are in common use: a. Dye-line p...

One of the two types of body hypothesis is called as single body hypothesis , as this theory suggest that the planets were formed without intervention from sources outside the solar system. The theory is based on the school of thought, this said that no subject other than the sun was involved in the birth of solar system. The second school of thought i.e., the second body hypothesis assume that the solar system originated as the result of force created by the accidental interference of another celestial object. Because the latter hypothesis is generally presumed that another star passed close to the sun, these have also been called the two star theories. Though we cannot be certain as to which of this hypothesis is correct yet the common principle of this hypothesis is that the sun is the mother of the earth. 1. Kant's Hypothesis This perhaps is the first explanation which was put forward by Kant (in 1775). He believed that the planetary system had been formed ...

What is Building Bye-Laws  ? Building bye-laws are the construction norms for building works. The aim is to provide safety and health of the people in and around the building by setting standards for building design and construction. Every locality has its own building bye laws based on climatic conditions, availablity of construction materials, labour etc. Purpose of Building Bye-Laws 🅐︎. To give guidelines for pre-planning of building activity. 🅑︎. Provide health, safety and comfort to people living in and around the building. 🅒︎. To afford safety against fire, smoke, noise, structure failure etc. 🅓︎. Provision of proper light, ventilation, air and pathway to buildings. 🅔︎. To prevent unplanned/unsymmetric development. 🅕︎. Control land encroachment (अतिक्रमण). Who prepares the Building Bye-Laws  ? 🅐︎. The govt authorities such as Ministry of Urban Development Affairs, City Corporation & Developing Authorities prepares rules for the buildings and for th...

BUILDING ORIENTATION MEANING ? The term “building orientation” refers to the compass direction the building faces or the positioning of a building in relation to the seasonal variations (suns path, existing wind patterns and rainfall). When deciding the orientation for your home, keep in mind to make best use of sunlight and winds, which can increase the energy efficiency of your building, making it cheaper to run and more comfortable to live in.  FACTORS AFFECTING ORIENTATION: ☞︎︎︎   Solar radiation  , for which it is essential to know path of sun throughout the year and its relative position w.r.t the locality. ☞︎︎︎   Rainfall  which means the direction and intensity of  the rain. ☞︎︎︎   Prevalent wind  which means direction of prevailing wind in summer and in winter. ☞︎︎︎   Site condition means the location   of the site (urban, rural etc). THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD ORIENTATION ☞︎︎︎...