The Civil Scholar

Source by-  Bureau of Indian Standards Designator of Document:  IS 962 Title of Document:  Code of practice for architectural and building drawings Section Name:  Planning, Housing and pre-fabricated construction DIMENSIONING: a. Projection lines shall generally be of short distance, perpendicular to its dimension line and drawn as thin continuous lines. b. Intersecting projection lines and dimen- sion lines shall be avoided wherever possible.  c. Dimension lines shall generally be unbroken except, in certain cases, for the insertion of a size.  d. Outline shall never be used as a dimension line, but may be used as a projection line. e.  Single dimensions, chain dimensions and parallel dimensions:  Termination of dimension line shall be represented by oblique line, 45° anticlockwise from dimension line. Dimension shall be placed in between and above the dimension line. f.  Superimposed running dimensions: During  superimposed r...

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEM A passive heating system is a way for the building material to collect, store and distribute solar energy without mechanical or electrical energy, which is least expensive means of heating. It happens when the object striking with solar radiations absorbs the heat. It works effectively by windows oriented correctly and by installing high performance windows. Source credit -  Passive Solar Design Parts of passive heating system 🅐︎. Aperture : It is the collector through which solar radiation enters the building. 🅑︎. Absorber : It is the dark, hard surface which absorbs the solar radiation after it passes through the aperture. It could be floor, masonry wall etc. 🅒︎. Thermal Mass : It is not the exposed surface to sunlight like absorber and it stores heat produced by sunlight. 🅓︎. Distribution : The circulation of solar heating can be in purely passive system but in some applications fans, ducts, blowers helps in distribution process. 🅔︎. Control : This pr...

Note : The list given below of Architectural Composition is one possible list, you will find that every book has slightly different list of Principles. Variety through Contrast The difference in visual properties of an object that makes it distinguishable from other objects and background. It occurs when two elements (such as colour, tone, emotion) are different in composition. Unity through Repetition Unity is when an element is used repeatedly and all the main design principles are combined to give visually pleasing design that makes sense to the observer. Balance Balence refers to the appropriate arrangement of components in a design in relation to the visual central axis. It is characterized into four types: Ⓐ︎.  Symmetrical   Balance Ⓑ︎. Asymmetrical   Balance Ⓒ︎.  Radial   Balance Ⓓ︎. Visual Balance Emphasis Emphasis refers to a focal point that draws attention in an area or object within the artwork. It is also ter...

What are the softwares that a Civil Engineer must know ? Source :- civilforum Software improves productivity and make huge project easy with minimum resource and time. Since there are many softwares used in construction industry but the usage depends on the profile you are working. Best softwares which are in high demand in market are given below. 🅐︎. For drafting AutoCAD  (Autodesk) :- Autocad stands for automatically computer aided designing and drafting. It allows you to draw and edit digital 2D and 3D designs more quickly and easily than you could by hand. 🅑︎. For 3d modelling and architecture 3ds Max (Autodesk) Revit (Autodesk) SketchUp (Google) Maya (Autodesk) 🅒︎. For structural design and analysis Staad pro (Bentley) ETABS (CSI) Sap 2000 (CSI) 🅓︎. For project management Ms Project (Microsoft) Primavera (Oracle) 🅔︎. For Transportation Mx road Visum (PTV) 🅕︎. For mathematical calculations and analy...