The Civil Scholar

Source by-  Bureau of Indian Standards Designator of Document:  IS 962 Title of Document:  Code of practice for architectural and building drawings Section Name:  Planning, Housing and pre-fabricated construction Conventional Signs and Symbols: Conventional signs are provided to brick masonry, stone masonry, concrete etc, when the material is cut in section by an imaginary plane. Conventional symbols are provided  to  indicate position of rooms, windows, doors, electrical installations, sanitary installations, fitments etc. Purposes of Conventional Sign & Symbols: Its purpose is to prevent any dispute between the owner and contractor in the actual construction of structure and to avoid confusion in drawing as well as save time in making various details in drawing.    for explaination of first part click the link given below Explanation P...

Source by- Bureau of Indian Standards Designator of Document:  IS 962 Title of Document:  Code of practice for architectural and building drawings Section Name:  Planning, Housing and pre-fabricated construction Sizes of Drawings The original drawing should be made on the smallest sheet allowing the necessary clearity. Drawing sheets may be used with their longer sides positioned either horizontally or vertically. The original drawing reproductions shall be made from preferred sizes given below. The sizes of larger sheets are obtained by extending the shorter sides of a format of the A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter side of the chosen basic format. a. First Choise Series b. Second Choise Series (special case) c. Third Choise Series (exceptional case) Reproduction of Drawings Original drawings are kept carefully and copies are used in workshops or on sites. Types of copies are in common use: a. Dye-line p...

One of the two types of body hypothesis is called as single body hypothesis , as this theory suggest that the planets were formed without intervention from sources outside the solar system. The theory is based on the school of thought, this said that no subject other than the sun was involved in the birth of solar system. The second school of thought i.e., the second body hypothesis assume that the solar system originated as the result of force created by the accidental interference of another celestial object. Because the latter hypothesis is generally presumed that another star passed close to the sun, these have also been called the two star theories. Though we cannot be certain as to which of this hypothesis is correct yet the common principle of this hypothesis is that the sun is the mother of the earth. 1. Kant's Hypothesis This perhaps is the first explanation which was put forward by Kant (in 1775). He believed that the planetary system had been formed ...

What is Building Bye-Laws  ? Building bye-laws are the construction norms for building works. The aim is to provide safety and health of the people in and around the building by setting standards for building design and construction. Every locality has its own building bye laws based on climatic conditions, availablity of construction materials, labour etc. Purpose of Building Bye-Laws 🅐︎. To give guidelines for pre-planning of building activity. 🅑︎. Provide health, safety and comfort to people living in and around the building. 🅒︎. To afford safety against fire, smoke, noise, structure failure etc. 🅓︎. Provision of proper light, ventilation, air and pathway to buildings. 🅔︎. To prevent unplanned/unsymmetric development. 🅕︎. Control land encroachment (अतिक्रमण). Who prepares the Building Bye-Laws  ? 🅐︎. The govt authorities such as Ministry of Urban Development Affairs, City Corporation & Developing Authorities prepares rules for the buildings and for th...

BUILDING ORIENTATION MEANING ? The term “building orientation” refers to the compass direction the building faces or the positioning of a building in relation to the seasonal variations (suns path, existing wind patterns and rainfall). When deciding the orientation for your home, keep in mind to make best use of sunlight and winds, which can increase the energy efficiency of your building, making it cheaper to run and more comfortable to live in.  FACTORS AFFECTING ORIENTATION: ☞︎︎︎   Solar radiation  , for which it is essential to know path of sun throughout the year and its relative position w.r.t the locality. ☞︎︎︎   Rainfall  which means the direction and intensity of  the rain. ☞︎︎︎   Prevalent wind  which means direction of prevailing wind in summer and in winter. ☞︎︎︎   Site condition means the location   of the site (urban, rural etc). THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD ORIENTATION ☞︎︎︎...

What Is Geology? Geology is that branch of science which deals with the earth as a whole regarding its history, composition, structure and day-to-day changes on surface as well as beneath the surface. Its is derived from the Greek word: geo means earth and logos means science. Earlier it was termed as Theology: theos means god and logos means science. Systematic and scientific progress of geology started in 1776 (Independence of America). In study of geology it requires to rely upon other basic branches. For  example : Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Biology (Zoology and Botany). Classification of Geology The science of geology is vast subject but from engineering point of view the classification is 1. General Geology 2. Petrology 3. Engineering Geology 4. Indian Geology 1. General Geology:  General geology is classified into three sub topics 1.a. The Restless Earth 1.b. Palanteology (study of fossils) 1.c. Mineralogy (study of minerals) 2. Petrology:  It is d...

Planning is grouping and management of components of building in a systematic manner so as to form a functional homogeneous body. Factors affecting planning of a building : -  Topography -  Climate conditions -  Neighborhood -  Utility of space -  Selection of sites -  Shape and size of plot -  Orientation of building -  Building bye-laws -  Function of building (public, residential, commercial, industrial etc). 1. Aspect 2. Prospect 3. Privacy 4. Roominess 5. Grouping 6. Circulation 7. Flexibility 8. Sanitation 9. Elegance 10. Economy 11. Furniture requirement 12. Practical Consideration 1. ASPECT It is the proper placement of different rooms of building in accordance with our activities at different hours of the day. A room receiving light and air from particular direction is said to have aspect of that direction. All the rooms should be well ventilated and well lighted. Aspects depends upon the direction of the sunlight and ...